A2- Media Studies: Typical Codes and Conventions of a music video

· Camera Shots: Long shots, close-ups and extreme close-ups are constantly used. Close-ups are usually used in music videos as it puts emphasis on the artist or bands face for promotional reasons and their lips to show the lip-synching.

· Camera movements: Pans, dolly track shots, crane shots and tilts are used to follow the movements of the singer/band or dancers.

· Editing: Jump cuts are the most commonly used as its purpose is to jump from a scene of the location to the artist to the instruments and vice-versa. Reaction shots are used with music videos with narrative as it expresses the relationship between two or more people. The pace of the editing is always in synch with the beat of the track.

· Mise-en-scene: Is associated to the inter-textual link of the music video, therefore it depends on the representation. For example, a video based on a fantasy world (Katie Perry – “Wide Awake” Is based on “A girls perspective of her fantasy and her reality” ) would use iconic staging, characters, costumes and so on to represent the time. Mise-en-scene is also reflected through:

1. Lighting: Extreme artificial lighting is the most common type of lighting used in music videos as it helps to enhance the look of the artist or band through making them seem ‘ageless’, this is commonly used in pop music videos. Lighting switches help to indicate a shift from the chorus to verse and vice-versa. Finally, lighting also enhances the atmosphere as it can be used to give a bright and upbeat feel particularly in dance music videos or a dark and eerie feel which is used mostly in rock music videos. For example, Lana Del Ray's video for “Summer Time Sadness” uses the lighting to show her flawless complexion.

2. Props: Props are essential in music videos

3. Costume: Reflect the genre of the music and the style of the artist; therefore costumes are essential because they compliment the artist. For example, Nicki Minaj has specific clothing to show off her fashion, this is evident in her “Anaconda” video.

4. Colour: colour represents the mood of the song for example; bright colours are usually used in ‘feel good’ pop songs, a good example is PSY “Gangnam Style” video

5. Sound: usually the sound is the music and vocals; however some music videos are similar to short films with acting, therefore in these clips there are various sounds which can be heard such as diagetic and non-diagetic sounds.

Hip-Hop Videos